symbiosis

Co-evolved intimate relationship between members of two species.

1. Parasitism (+/-) 2. Mutualism (+/+)

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Mutualistic

Both species benefit from interdependent relationship.

Ants get sugar Birds get to eat ticks on rhino skin

Aphids get protection from predators Rhino gets the parasitic ticks removed

Clownfish: protection from its predators

anemone: predators chased away by clownfish

Coral gets sugar

Zooxanthellae get nutrients/light

for photosynthesis

Parasite benefits in terms of energy/nutrients & host is harmed by loss of these.

Parasites often have limited metabolism and can't survive out of contact with the host.

Parasite Transmission

1. direct contact 2. vectors 3. resistant stage

1. Direct contact

Spread by overcrowding in intensive farms where parasites spread easily from animal to animal.

Insects spread parasites by biting a host causing blood to mix between insect

& host spreading parasite.

Vector control

It is hard to treat vector transmission as it is easy for vectors to transmit parasites quickly from host to host as they can fly.

Treatments

Stop insect from biting host.

Parasites are able to survive in digestive tract of host & eggs pass out in faeces ready to move into a second host.

First host = primary host to produce eggs.

2nd host = intermediate host to complete lifecycle.

Treatment

Prevent humans entering water to stop parasite lifecycle.